History of Art

Saturday, June 1, 2013

The history of art is the history of any activity or product made by humans in a visual form for aesthetical or communicative purposes, expressing ideas, emotions or, in general, a worldview. Over time visual art has been classified in diverse ways, from the medieval distinction between liberal artsand mechanical arts, to the modern distinction between fine arts and applied arts, or to the many contemporary definitions, which define art as a manifestation of human creativity. The subsequent expansion of the list of principal arts in the 20th century reached to nine: architecture, dance,sculpture, music, painting, poetry (described broadly as a form of literature with aesthetic purpose or function, which also includes the distinct genres of theatre and narrative), film, photography and comics. At the conceptual overlap of terms between plastic arts and visual arts were added design andgraphic arts. In addition to the old forms of artistic expression such as fashion and gastronomy, new modes of expression are being considered as artssuch as video, computer art, performance, advertising, animation, television and videogames.

The history of art is a multidisciplinary science, seeking an objective examination of art throughout time, classifying cultures, establishingperiodizations and observing the distinctive and influential characteristics of art.^[1] The study of the history of art was initially developed in theRenaissance, with its limited scope being the artistic production of western civilization. However, as time has passed, it has imposed a broader view of artistic history, seeking a comprehensive overview of all the civilizations and analysis of their artistic production in terms of their own cultural values (cultural relativism), and not just western art history.

Today, art enjoys a wide network of study, dissemination and preservation of all the artistic legacy of mankind throughout history. The 20th century has seen the proliferation of institutions, foundations, art museums and galleries, in both the public and private sectors, dedicated to the analysis and cataloging of works of art as well as exhibitions aimed at a mainstream audience. The rise of media has been crucial in improving the study and dissemination of art. International events and exhibitions like the Whitney Biennial and biennales of Venice and São Paulo or the Documenta of Kassel have helped the development of new styles and trends. Prizes such as the Turner of the Tate Gallery, the Wolf Prize in Arts, thePritzker Prize of architecture, the Pulitzer of photography and the Oscar of cinema also promote the best creative work on an international level. Institutions like UNESCO, with the establishment of the World Heritage Site lists, also help the conservation of the major monuments of the planet.

Turkey History

Thursday, May 30, 2013

Historical Events
1071-08-26 - Battle of Manzikert, Byzantine Armenia (modern Malazgirt, Turkey). Fought between Byzantine Empire and Seljuq Turks.
1098-06-03 - After 5-month siege in 1st Crusade, the Crusaders seize Antioch Turkey
1371-09-26 - Battle of Maritsa: Serbia-Turkey
1402-06-20 - Battle of Angora (Ankara)-Tatars defeat Turkish Army
1453-04-21 - Turkish fleet sinks ships Golden Receiver in Constantinople
1499-08-25 - Battle at Sapienza: Turkish fleet beats Venetians
1516-10-28 - Battle of Yaunis Khan: Turkish forces under the Grand Vizier Sinan Pasha defeat the Mameluks near Gaza.
1520-09-30 - Suleiman I succeeds his father Selam I as sultan of Turkey
1521-08-28 - Turkish sultan Suleiman I's troops occupy Belgrade
1521-09-28 - Turkish sultan Suleiman I's troops occupy Belgrade
1521-09-29 - Turkish troops occupy Belgrade
1522-12-25 - Turkish troops occupy Rhodos
1534-06-12 - Turkish adm Chaireddin "Barbarossa" allows Giulia Gonzaga to kidnap & plunder Naples
1534-08-20 - Turkish admiral Chaireddin"Barbarossa" occupies Tunis
1534-12-04 - Turkish sultan Suleiman occupies Baghdad
1536-02-18 - France & Turkey sign milt/trade agreement against King Karel
1538-09-28 - Battle at Preveza: Turkish fleet under Barbarossa beats Spanish
1540-05-04 - Venice & Turkey sign Treaty of Constantinople
1540-07-23 - Turkey recognizes Janos Sigismund Zapolyai as vassal-king of Hungary
1540-10-02 - Venice/Turkey signs peace
1541-08-26 - Turkish sultan Suleiman occupies Buda/annexes Hungary
1542-08-28 - Turkish-Portuguese War (1538-1557) - Battle of Wofla: the Portuguese are scattered, their leader Christovão da Gama is captured and afterwards executed.
1543-08-05 - French & Turkish troops occupy Nice
1543-09-06 - French & Turkish fleet occupies Nice
1544-05-01 - Turkish troops occupy Hungary
1547-06-13 - King Ferdinand of Austria subjects himself on Turkish sultan Suleiman
1551-08-14 - Turkish fleet under Dragut occupies Tripoli
1560-07-29 - Turkish fleet recaptures Djerba on Spanjaarden
1565-09-08 - Turkish siege of Malta broken by Maltese & Knights of St John
1571-05-20 - Venice, Spain & Pope Pius form anti-Turkish Saint League
1571-10-07 - Battle at Lepanto: Saint League (Spain & Italy) destroys Turkish fleet
1573-03-07 - Turkey & Venice signs peace treaty
1574-09-13 - Turkish fleet recaptures Tunis
1606-11-11 - Turkey & Austria sign Treaty of Zsitva-Torok
1620-05-17 - 1st merry-go-round seen at a fair (Philippapolis, Turkey)
1621-06-19 - Battle at Dragetsani: Turkish army beats Greece
1621-10-09 - Turkey & Poland signs Peace of Chotin
1654-05-13 - Venetian fleet under Adm Adeler beats Turkish
1663-09-25 - Austrian Fort Neuhausl surrenders to Turkish invasion army
1664-01-21 - Count Miklos of Zrinyi sets out to battle Turkish invasion army
1664-05-14 - Turkish great Kiprulu attacks 120,000 Donau soldiers
1664-08-10 - Austria/Turkey signs Peace of Vásvár
1672-10-18 - Poland & Turkey sign Peace of Buczacz
1676-10-27 - Poland & Turkey sign Peace of Warsaw
1676-11-03 - Kara Mustafa succeeds Ahmed Kiprulu as Turkish grand vizier
1683-03-31 - Emperor Leopold I/Poland signs covenant against Turkey
1683-07-16 - Turkish troops under Kara Mustafa attain Vienna
1683-09-03 - Turkish troops break through defense of Vienna
1687-08-12 - Charles of Lotharingen defeats Turkish leaders
1690-10-08 - Turkish troops occupy Belgrade
1697-09-11 - Battle at Zenta: Prince Eugen van Savoye beats Turkish superior power
1699-01-26 - Venice, Poland & Austria sign Treaty of Carlowitz with Ottoman Empire
1700-07-13 - Russian-Turkish peace
1700-11-30 - Turkey declares war on Russia
1703-08-21 - Turkish army removes sultan Mustafa II
1713-07-27 - Russia & Turkey sign peace treaty
1714-11-22 - King Karel XII leaves Turkish captivity to return to Sweden
1718-08-21 - Emperor Karel VI, Turkey & Venice sign peace treaty
1724-06-23 - Russia & Turkey sign Treaty of Constantinople
1730-09-17 - Turkish coup under Mahmud I; Sultan Ahmed III flees
1737-07-18 - Battle at Banja Luka: Turkish army beats Austrians
1738-05-27 - Turkish troops occupy Orsova & Ochakov
1738-08-02 - France offers emperor Karel VI mediation in war against Turkey
1739-09-18 - Turkey & Austria sign peace treaty-Austria cedes Belgrade to Turks
1739-09-23 - Russia & Turkey sign Peace of Belgrade
1739-10-03 - The Treaty of Nissa is signed by the Ottoman Empire and Russia at the end of the Russian-Turkish War, 1736-1739.
1770-07-06 - Battle at Cesme: Russian fleet beats Turkish
1774-07-21 - Russo-Turkish War, 1768-1774: Russia and the Ottoman Empire sign Treaty of Kuchuk-Kainarji ending the war.
1775-05-07 - Turkish state of Bukovina secedes from Austria
1784-01-06 - Turkey & Russia sign treaty in Constantinople
1787-08-10 - Turkey declares war on Russia
1790-12-22 - The Turkish fortress of Izmail is stormed and captured by Suvorov and his Russian armies.
1792-01-09 - Russia & Turkey sign Peace of Jassy
1800-03-20 - French army defeats Turks at Helipolis Turkey, & advance to Cairo
1808-07-28 - Mahmud II succeeds Mustafa IV as sultan of Turkey
1821-03-25 - Greece gains independence from Turkey (National Day)
1826-04-10 - The 10,500 inhabitants of the Greek town Messolonghi start leaving the town after a year's siege by Turkish forces. Very few of them survive.
1826-06-10 - Sultan Mahmud II rebellious elite corp, slaughter 20,000 in Turkey
1828-04-26 - Russia declares war on Turkey to support Greece's independence
1829-09-14 - Peace of Adrianopel: ends Russian-Turkish war
1831-03-29 - Great Bosnian uprising: Bosniak rebel against Turkey.
1833-07-08 - Russia & Turkey sign defense treaty
1839-07-01 - Abdul-Medjid succeeds Mahmud II as Sultan of Turkey
1839-11-03 - Palace of Gulhane Turkey, freedom of religion proclaimed
1856-02-29 - Hostilities in Russo-Turkish War cease
1863-09-16 - Robert College of Istanbul-Turkey, the first American educational institution outside the United States, is founded by Christopher Robert, an American philanthropist.
1864-10-25 - Skirmish at Mine Creek, KS & Turkeytown, AL
1876-06-30 - Serbia declares war on Turkey
1876-07-03 - Montenegro declares war on Turkey
1876-12-23 - Turkey's 1st constitution proclaimed
1877-04-24 - Russo-Turkish War, 1877-1878: Russia declares war on Ottoman Empire.
1878-02-02 - Greece declares war on Turkey
1878-03-03 - Bulgaria liberated from Turkey (Peace of San Stefano)
1878-06-04 - Cyprus ceded by Turkey to Britain for administrative purposes
1878-07-30 - Russian assault on Plevna Turkey, 7,300 Russian casualties
1881-05-24 - Turkey cedes Thessaly and Arta back to Greece.
1883-10-04 - Orient Express' 1st run, linking Turkey to Europe by rail
1887-03-24 - Oscar Straus appointed 1st Jewish ambassador from US (to Turkey)
1890-09-19 - Turkish frigate "Ertogrul" burns off of Japan, kills 540
1897-04-05 - The Greco-Turkish War, also called "Thirty Days' War", is declared between Greece and the Ottoman Empire.
1897-05-12 - Battle at Thessalie: Turkish army beats Greece
1897-05-15 - The Greek army retreats with heavy losses in the Greco-Turkish War.
1899-12-23 - Tentative Turkish & German treaty on construction of Baghdad railway
1902-03-10 - Earthquake destroys Turkish city of Tochangri
1903-08-02 - Unsuccessful uprising of Macedonians against Turkey
1906-05-03 - British-controlled Egypt takes Sinai peninsula from Turkey
1908-09-22 - Bulgaria declares independence from Ottoman Empire (Turkey)
1908-10-05 - Bulgaria declares independence from Turkey, Ferdinand I becomes Tsar
1908-10-07 - Crete revolts against Turkey & aligns with Greece
1909-04-27 - Sultan of Turkey Abdul Hamid II is overthrown
1911-02-06 - Great fire destroys downtown Constantinople/Istanbul Turkey
1911-09-29 - Italy declares war on Turkey, starting the Italo-Turkish War
1911-11-05 - Italy attacks Turkish North-Africa (Libya), takes Tipoli & Cyrenaica
1912-03-05 - Italian forces are the first to use airships for military purposes, using them for reconnaissance behind Turkish lines.
1912-05-04 - Italian mariners occupy Turkish Island of Rhodes
1912-05-29 - 15 young women fired by Curtis Publishing for dancing "Turkey Trot" during their lunch break
1912-09-15 - War between Turkey & Montenegro breaks out in Albania
1912-10-08 - 1st Balkan War begins - Montenegro declares war on Turkey
1912-10-08 - Montenegro declares war on Turkey, beginning 1st Balkan War
1912-10-17 - Bulgaria, Greece & Serbia declares war on Turkey
1912-10-18 - Italo-Turkish war ends
1912-10-19 - Tripoli (Libya) passes from Turkish to Italian control
1912-11-18 - Albania declares independence from Turkey
1912-11-28 - Albania declares it's Indepenence from Turkey
1912-12-03 - Turkey, Serbia, Montenegro, Greece & Bulgaria sign weapons pact
1913-01-18 - Turkish-Greek sea battle near Troy
1913-07-20 - Turkish troop take Adrianopel & Erdine from Bulgaria
1913-09-21 - Turkey & Bulgaria sign peace treaty in Constantinople
1914-03-14 - Serbia & Turkey sign peace treaty
1914-08-02 - Germany & Turkey signs secret treaty
1914-08-03 - Turkey signs military pact with Germany
1914-08-10 - German battle cruiser Goeben reaches Dardanellen/Turkey joins Germany
1914-10-04 - Dardanellen (French & English) fleet bombs Turkish forts
1914-10-29 - Russia declares war on Turkey
1914-10-29 - Turkish warships storm Black Sea
1914-10-31 - Great Britain & France declare war on Turkey
1914-11-02 - Russia declares war on Turkey
1914-11-04 - Russia declares Turkey the war
1914-11-05 - Great Britain & France & Russia declares war on Turkey
1914-12-17 - Jews are expelled from Tel Aviv by Turkish authorities
1915-01-04 - Trans-Caucausus Russian defeat Turkish troops
1915-02-03 - Turkish & German army reach Suez Canal
1915-08-21 - Italy declares war on Turkey in World War One
1916-05-09 - British-France Sykes-Picot meet over division of Turkey
1916-12-23 - World War I: Battle of Magdhaba - Allied forces defeat Turkish forces in Egypt's Sinai peninsula.
1917-03-28 - Jews are expelled from Tel Aviv & Jaffa by Turkish authorities
1917-05-20 - Turkish government authorizes Jews to return to Tel Aviv & Jaffa
1917-07-06 - T E Lawrence captures Port of Agaba from Turkey
1917-08-17 - Italy declares war on Germany & Turkey
1918-02-21 - Australians chase Turkish troop out of Jericho, Dutch Palestine
1918-06-25 - Baku-Turkish communist party forms
1918-08-17 - Turkish troops overthrow Caukasus
1919-05-19 - Mustafa Kemal Atatürk lands at Samsun on the Anatolian Black Sea coast, initiating what was later termed the Turkish War of Independence. The anniversary of this event is the official date of commemoration of the Pontic Greek Genocide in Greece and Cyprus.
1919-09-04 - Mustafa Kemal Atatürk, who founded the Republic of Turkey, gathers a congress in Sivas to make decisions as to the future of Anatolia and Thrace.
1920-04-23 - Turkish Grand National Assembly 1st meets, in Ankara
1920-04-23 - The national council in Turkey denounces the government of Sultan Mehmed VI and announces a temporary constitution.
1920-08-10 - Treaty of Sèvres (Allies & Turkey)
1920-08-10 - Turkish government renounces its claim to Israel, recognizes British mandate
1920-12-03 - Turkey & Armenia agree to peace treaty
1921-01-03 - Turkey makes peace with Armenia
1921-01-20 - Turkey declared in remnants of Ottoman Empire
1921-08-24 - Battle of Sakaray Valley begins between Turkey & Greece
1922-09-07 - In Aydin, Turkey, independence of Aydin, from Greek occupation.
1922-09-09 - Turkish troops conquer Smyrna/murder Greek citizens
1922-09-16 - Turkish troops chase Greeks out of Asia
1922-10-11 - Turkey & Greece sign cease fire
1922-11-16 - Turkish kalief/sultan Mehmed VI asks British army for help
1922-11-17 - Turkish sultan Mehmed VI flees to Malta on British warship
1922-11-18 - Turkish National Assembly nominates Abdul Medjid kalief
1923-07-24 - Allied Powers & Turkey sign peace treaty, Lausanne
1923-08-13 - Turkish National Congress selects Moestafa Kemal Pasja as president
1923-10-13 - Angora (Ankara) becomes Turkey's capital
1923-10-29 - Turkey declares independence (successor state to Ottoman Empire)
1924-03-03 - German & Turkish friendship/trade treaty signed
1924-08-16 - Dutch-Turkish peace treaty signed
1925-01-30 - Turkish government throws out Constantine VI of Constantinople
1925-02-26 - Jihad-Saint war against Turkish government
1925-04-28 - Kurd rebels surrender to Turkish army
1925-12-17 - Russia & Turkey sign non-aggresion pact
1925-12-26 - Turkey adopts Gregorian calendar
1926-04-22 - Persia, Turkey & Afghanistan sign treaties of security
1926-09-01 - Turkey allows civil marriage
1927-01-01 - Turkey adopts the Gregorian calendar: December 18, 1926 (Julian), is immediately followed by January 1, 1927 (Gregorian).
1927-02-16 - US restores diplomatic relations with Turkey
1928-04-09 - Turkey passes separation of church & state
1928-11-03 - Turkey switches from Arabic to Roman alphabet
1929-01-31 - Leon Trotsky expelled from Russia to Turkey
1929-02-27 - Turkey signs Litvinov-pact
1929-03-06 - Turkey & Bulgaria sign friendship treaty
1929-08-24 - Turkey & Persia signs friendship treaty
1929-12-06 - Turkey introduces female suffrage
1930-10-30 - Turkey & Greece sign a treaty of friendship
1931-05-04 - Mustafa Kemal Pasja becomes Turkish president
1934-02-09 - Balkan Entente alliance forms (Yugoslavia, Greece, Turkey & Romania)
1934-11-26 - Turkish regiment decrees importing family names
1935-01-01 - Pres Mustapha Kemal Pasha names himself "Ataturk: Father of Turkey"
1935-02-06 - 1st election to allow women to vote in Turkey
1936-07-10 - New Straits Convention allows Turkish rearmament of Dardanelles
1938-07-04 - France-Turkish friendship treaty
1939-04-18 - Franz von Papen becomes German ambassador in Turkey
1939-06-23 - France turns over Sanjak of Alexandretta (Hatay) to Turkey
1939-12-26 - Earthquake in East Anatolia Turkey
1939-12-27 - Between 20,000 & 40,000 die in magnitude 8 quake (Erzincam Turkey)
1939-12-27 - Earthquake in Turkey, about 50,000 die
1941-06-18 - Turkey signs peace treaty with nazi-Germany
1943-12-04 - -Dec 6] 2nd conference of Cairo: FDR, Churchill & Turkish pres Inonu
1944-06-19 - Heavy air raid on US fleet at Guam "Turkey Shoot"
1944-08-02 - Turkey breaks diplomatic relationship with nazi-Germany
1945-02-25 - World War II: Turkey declares war on Germany.
1947-05-22 - "Truman Doctrine" goes into effect, aiding Turkey & Greece
1949-03-29 - Turkey recognizes Israel
1950-05-22 - Celal Bayar elected president of Turkey
1950-06-06 - Turkey: The Adhan in Arabic is legalized.
1953-03-18 - Earthquake strikes West Turkey, 250 die
1955-02-18 - Baghdad Pact signed, making Turkey & Iraq a defense alliance
1955-02-24 - Pact of Baghdad between Iraq & Turkey signed
1955-11-29 - Turkish government of Menderes resigns
1955-12-08 - Turkish government of Menderes forms
1957-10-08 - Turkish & Syrian border guards exchange fire
1957-10-27 - Celal Bayar re-elected president of Turkey
1958-06-07 - Battles between Turkish & Greeks Cypriots break out
1959-02-19 - Britain, Turkey & Greece sign agreement granting Cyprus independence
1960-05-27 - Military coup overthrows democratic government of Turkey
1962-06-25 - Inonu government forms in Turkey
1962-10-26 - Nikita Khrushchev sends note to JFK offering to withdraw his missiles from Cuba if US closed its bases in Turkey offer is rejected
1964-03-13 - Turkey threatens Cyprus with armed attack
1964-08-07 - Turkey begins air attack on Greek-Cypriots
1965-02-20 - Turkish government of Uerguplu forms
1965-07-21 - Pakistan, Iran & Turkey sign Regional Co-Operation pact
1966-08-19 - Earthquake strikes Varko Turkey: 2,400 killed
1966-12-07 - A fire at an army barracks in Erzurum, Turkey kills 68 people.
1967-12-29 - Turkish-Cypriot government forms in Cyprus
1969-10-17 - Plastic Ono Band's "Cold Turkey" is released in UK
1970-03-28 - 1,086 die when 7.4 quake destroys 254 villages (Gediz Turkey)
1970-10-15 - Russian passenger flight hijacked to Turkey
1971-03-04 - "City Command" kidnaps 4 US military men at Ankara, Turkey
1971-03-12 - Turkish Government of Demirel forced to resign by Army
1971-04-26 - Turkey state of siege proclaimed
1973-09-26 - Turkey's state of siege ends (after 2½ years)
1973-10-30 - The Bosporus Bridge in Istanbul, Turkey is completed, connecting the continents of Europe and Asia over the Bosporus for the first time.
1974-01-25 - Bulent Ecevit forms government in Turkey
1974-03-03 - World's worst air disaster, Turkish DC-10 crashes in Paris (346 die)
1974-07-20 - Turkey invades Cyprus
1974-08-11 - Head-on collision between two buses kills 21 (Ankara, Turkey)
1974-08-14 - Turkish army attacks Nicosia Cyprus
1975-02-13 - Cyprus premier Denktash procliams Turkish-Cypriot Federation
1975-09-06 - 6.8 quake along Anatolian Fault kills over 2,000 in Lice Turkey
1975-09-06 - Heavy earthquake at Lice Turkey; 3,000 killed
1975-10-22 - Turkish diplomat shot to death in Vienna
1975-10-24 - Turkish diplomat shot dead in Paris
1977-07-03 - Turkey: premier Ecevit goes off
1978-01-02 - Bulent Ecevit forms government in Turkey
1980-09-12 - Military coup under General Kenan Evren in Turkey
1981-07-22 - Turkish terrorist Mehmet Ali Agca sentenced in a Rome to life
1982-03-24 - US sub Jacksonville collides with a Turkish freighter near Virginia
1982-11-07 - Turkey adopts constitution
1983-11-06 - Turkey Turgut Özals Moederland party wins elections
1983-11-15 - Turkish Republic of Northern Cyprus proclaimed
1984-08-15 - The PKK in Turkey starts a campaign of armed attacks upon the Turkish military
1986-04-05 - US soldier & Turkish woman killed in West Berlin disco bombing
1987-04-14 - Turkey asks to join European market
1988-06-15 - Turkish premier Özal meets Greek premier Papandreou in Athens
1988-07-03 - The Fatih Sultan Mehmet Bridge in Istanbul, Turkey is completed, providing the second connection between the continents of Europe and Asia over the Bosporus.
1989-10-31 - Turgat Ozal elected president of Turkey
1990-08-27 - 52 Americans arrive in Turkey from Iraq
1992-03-03 - Gas explodes in coal mine at Zonguldak Turkey, 100s die
1992-03-13 - An earthquake registering 6.8 on the Richter scale kills over 500 in Erzincan, eastern Turkey.
1993-01-24 - Turkish journalist and writer Uğur Mumcu is assassinated by a car bomb in Ankara.
1993-05-16 - Suleyman Demirel elected president of Turkey
1993-05-24 - Kurd rebellion kills 33 soldiers & 5 citizens in Turkey
1993-05-29 - Nazi's kill 5 Turkish women in Solingen Germany
1993-06-14 - Tansu Ciller appointed 1st female premier of Turkey
1993-07-02 - Moslem fundamentalists in Sivas Turkey, set hotel on fire, kill 36
1993-07-05 - Kurd guerrilla's murder 32 villager in East Turkey
1994-07-26 - Turkish air force bombs Kurds, struggle in Iraq, 70 killed
1994-12-29 - B737-400 flies into a mountain at Edremit East Turkey, 54 killed
1997-03-18 - Russian AN-24 plane crashes in Turkey, 50 die
1998-10-29 - While en route from Adana to Ankara, a Turkish Airlines flight with a crew of 6 and 33 passengers is hijacked by a Kurdish militant who orders the pilot to fly to Switzerland. The plane instead lands in Ankara after the pilot tricked the hijacker into thinking that he was landing in the Bulgarian capital of Sofia to refuel.
1999-02-16 - Across Europe, Kurdish rebels take over embassies and hold hostages after Turkey arrested one of their rebel leaders, Abdullah Öcalan.
1999-02-23 - Kurdish rebel leader Abdullah Öcalan is charged with treason in Ankara, Turkey.
1999-08-17 - A 7.4-magnitude earthquake strikes İzmit, Turkey, killing more than 17,000 and injuring 44,000.
1999-11-12 - The Düzce earthquake strikes Turkey with a magnitude of 7.2 on the Richter scale.
2000-06-13 - Italy pardons Mehmet Ali Agca, the Turkish gunman who tried to kill Pope John Paul II in 1981.
2000-12-19 - The Leninist Guerrilla Units wing of the Communist Labour Party of Turkey/Leninist attack a Nationalist Movement Party office in Istanbul, killing one person and injuring three.
2003-02-10 - France and Belgium break the NATO procedure of silent approval concerning the timing of protective measures for Turkey in case of a possible war with Iraq.
2003-11-20 - After the November 15 bombings, a second day of the 2003 Istanbul Bombings occurs in Istanbul, Turkey, destroying the Turkish head office of HSBC Bank AS and the British consulate.
2006-01-12 - Turkey releases Mehmet Ali Ağca from jail after he served 25 years for shooting Pope John Paul II.
2007-01-19 - Armenian Journalist Hrant Dink assassinated in front of his newspaper's office by 17 year old Turkish ultranationalist Ogün Samast.
2007-04-14 - At least 200,000 demonstrators in Ankara, Turkey protest against the possible candidacy of incumbent Prime Minister Recep Tayyip Erdoğan.
2007-04-29 - Republic Protests in Turkey.
2007-05-13 - Republic Protests in Turkey.
2009-10-10 - After having closed borders for about two hundred years, Armenia and Turkey sign protocols in Zurich, Switzerland to open their borders.
2011-10-23 - A powerful 7.2 magnitude earthquake strikes Van Province, Turkey, killing 582 people and injuring thousands.
2012-03-16 - Turkish NATO helicopter crashes into a house killing ten people in the outskirts of Kabul, Afghanistan
2012-05-30 - A number of nations including Germany, Turkey and Canada, expel Syrian diplomats following the Houla massacre
2012-06-25 - 33 Syrian army officers defect to Turkey
2012-09-05 - 25 are killed and 4 wounded after an ammunition store exploded in Afyon, Turkey
2012-09-06 - 61 illegal immigrants die after a fishing boat capsizes off the coast of Turkey
2012-09-16 - 8 police officers are killed by a roadside bombing by Kurdistan Workers' Party militants in Turkey
2012-09-16 - 14 people are killed and 7 wounded by a roadside bomb Jandol, Turkey
2012-09-18 - 10 soliders are killed and 70 injured by a missile attack by Kurdish militants in Bingol, Turkey
2012-10-04 - Turkey’s parliament approves cross-border military operations in Syria
2012-11-10 - 17 people are killed in a helicopter crash as a result of bad weather in Turkey
2012-12-15 - 18 Asylum seekers drown in the Aegean Sea on the way to Greece from Turkey 

Switzerland History

Historical Events 
1291-08-01 - Everlasting League forms, basis of Swiss Confederation (Independence)
1294-06-30 - Jews are expelled from Berne Switzerland
1315-11-15 - Battle at Morgarten: Swiss beat duke Leopold I of Austria
1315-12-09 - Swiss Woudsteden renews Eternal Covenant (Oath Society)
1348-09-21 - Jews in Zurich Switzerland are accused of poisoning wells
1349-01-09 - 700 Jews of Basel Switzerland, burned alive in their houses
1349-02-13 - Jews are expelled from Burgsordf Switzerland
1349-02-22 - Jews are expelled from Zurich Switzerland
1356-10-18 - Basel earthquake, the most significant historic seismological event north of the Alps, destroyed the town of Basel, Switzerland.
1386-07-09 - Battle at Sempach: Swiss beat duke Leopold III of Austria
1388-04-09 - Battle of Näfels; Glarius Swiss defeat Habsburg (Austrian) army
1422-06-30 - Battle of Arbedo between the duke of Milan and the Swiss cantons.
1427-05-10 - Jews are expelled from Berne Switzerland
1474-03-30 - Duke Sigismund van Tirol ends contacts with Switzerland
1476-06-22 - Battle at Morat/Murten: Charles the Stout invades Switzerland
1499-09-22 - Switzerland became an independent state.
1506-01-22 - The first contingent of 150 Swiss Guards arrive at the Vatican.
1511-10-05 - Pope Julius II/Germany/Ferdinand of Aragon/Venice/Swiss
1516-11-29 - Treaty of Freiburg] French/Swiss "eternal" peace treaty
1525-01-21 - The Swiss Anabaptist Movement is born when Conrad Grebel, Felix Manz, George Blaurock, and about a dozen others baptize each other in the home of Manz's mother in Zürich, breaking a thousand-year tradition of church-state union.
1525-02-20 - Swiss & German mercenaries desert Francois I's army
1531-10-11 - Battle at Kappel: Swiss Roman Catholic kantons beat protestant forces of Zurich
1531-10-11 - Huldrych Zwingli Swiss reformation leader is killed at the Battle at Kappel
1544-04-14 - Battle at Carignano: French troops under Earl d'Enghien beat Swiss
1558-01-09 - Geneva becomes independent from Berne canton, Switzerland
1584-01-22 - Parts of Switzerland adopt Gregorian calendar (& parts in 1812)
1618-09-04 - "Rodi" avalanche destroys Plurs Switzerland, 1,500 killed
1648-10-24 - Switzerland's independence recognized in the Treaty of Westphalia
1709-09-03 - 1st major group of Swiss/German colonists reaches NC/SC
1798-03-29 - Republic of Switzerland forms
1803-05-18 - Britain declares war on France after Napoleon Bonaparte continues interfering in Italy & Switzerland
1809-05-05 - Citizenship is denied to Jews of Canton of Aargau Switzerland
1815-02-03 - World's 1st commercial cheese factory established, in Switzerland
1823-07-14 - Switzerland signs boundaries for fugitives
1845-11-29 - The Sonderbund is defeated by the joint forces of other Swiss cantons under General Guillaume-Henri Dufour.
1848-02-29 - Neufchatel declares independence of Switzerland
1848-09-12 - Switzerland becomes a Federal state.
1862-05-14 - Adolphe Nicole of Switzerland patents chronograph
1871-09-17 - Mont Cenis railway tunnel Switzerland opens
1874-05-29 - Present constitution of Switzerland takes effect
1874-10-09 - World Postal Union forms in Bern Switzerland
1880-02-29 - Gotthard railway tunnel between Switzerland & Italy completed
1882-05-20 - St Gotthard-railroad tunnel between Switzerland & Italy opens
1893-08-20 - Shechita (ritual slaughtering) prohibited in Switzerland
1903-09-09 - 6 km long Engadin-railroad tunnel of Switzerland inaugurated
1905-02-24 - Simplon tunnel in Switzerland completed
1906-05-17 - Switzerland's Simpion Tunnel open to rail traffic
1906-05-19 - Dutch King Victor Emmanuel & Swiss president open Simplon tunnel
1906-05-19 - Italian King Victor Emmanuel & Swiss president open Simplon tunnel
1911-03-30 - Lötschberg tunnel in Switzerland (13,735 m) completed
1915-09-05 - Anti-war conference in Zimmerwald, Switzerland
1916-02-03 - Tristan Tzar publishes Dada-manifest in Zurich Switzerland
1917-04-03 - Lenin arrives in Petrograd from Switzerland [NS=April 16]
1917-04-03 - Lenin leaves Switzerland for Petrograd
1919-02-03 - Socialist conference convenes (Berne Switzerland)
1920-02-08 - Swiss men vote against women's suffrage
1920-02-13 - League of Nations recognizes perpetual neutrality of Switzerland
1920-02-13 - Switzerland rejoin League of Nations
1922-01-21 - 1st slalom ski race run, Murren, Switzerland
1923-10-16 - John Harwood patents self-winding watch (Switzerland)
1927-02-08 - Belgian-Swiss treaty signed
1927-04-15 - Switzerland & USSR agree to diplomatic relations
1928-02-11 - 2nd Winter Olympic games opens in St Moritz, Switzerland
1928-02-19 - 2nd Winter Olympic games close at St Moritz, Switzerland
1932-11-09 - Riots between conservative and socialist supporters in Switzerland kill 12 and injure 60.
1935-07-20 - Switzerland: A Royal Dutch Airlines plane en route from Milan to Frankfurt crashes into a Swiss mountain, killing thirteen.
1938-11-16 - LSD is first synthesized by Swiss chemist Dr. Albert Hofmann at the Sandoz Laboratories in Basel, Switzerland.
1939-09-01 - Switzerland proclaims neutrality
1939-09-01 - Switzerland mobilizes its forces and the Swiss Parliament elects Henri Guisan to head the Swiss Army (an event that can happen only during war or mobilization).
1940-08-14 - Dutch Premier De Geer vacations in Switzerland
1941-05-13 - Willy Lewis' US jazz band performs in Switzerland
1943-04-19 - Bicycle Day - Swiss chemist Dr. Albert Hofmann deliberately takes LSD for the first time.
1945-04-28 - US 5th army reaches Swiss border
1948-01-30 - 5th Winter Olympic games open in St Moritz, Switzerland
1948-02-08 - 5th Winter Olympic games close at St Moritz, Switzerland
1950-06-23 - Swiss parliament refuses voting right for women
1951-09-20 - Swiss males votes against female suffrage
1954-06-15 - UEFA (Union des Associations Européennes de Football) is formed in Basle, Switzerland.
1955-09-11 - Dedication of the first Temple of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints in Europe, the Bern Switzerland Temple.
1959-02-01 - Swiss males vote against voting rights for women
1962-04-05 - St Bernard Tunnel finished-Swiss/Italians workers shake hands
1963-09-04 - Swissair Flight 306 crashes near Dürrenäsch, Switzerland, killing all 80 people on board.
1965-08-30 - Section of Allalin glacier wipes out construction site at Mattmark Dam near Saas-Fee, Switzerland
1966-06-26 - Kanton Bazel leads female suffrage in Switzerland
1969-02-18 - PLO-attack El-Al plane in Zurich Switzerland
1969-09-14 - Males of Swiss kanton Schaffhausen rejects female suffrage
1970-02-24 - 29 Swiss Army officers die in avalanche (Reckingen, Switzerland)
1971-02-07 - Swiss men accept female suffrage
1978-03-01 - Charlie Chaplin's coffin was stolen from a Swiss cemetery
1978-03-03 - Charles Chaplin's remains are stolen in Switzerland
1979-01-01 - Jura, 26th canton of Switzerland, established
1980-09-05 - World's longest auto tunnel, St Gotthard in Swiss Alps, opens
1982-09-06 - Polish dissidents seize Polish Embassy in Bern, Switzerland
1982-10-03 - Cox 4 rowing record set at 12:52 for 99 miles (Geneva, Switzerland)
1988-03-10 - Avalanche at Swiss Ski resort "Klosters" nearly kills Prince Charles
1991-03-03 - Switzerland votes on lowering voting age from 20 to 18
1992-12-06 - 81st Davis Cup: USA beats Switzerland in Fort Worth (3-1)
1994-06-18 - US ties Switzerland 1-1 in their 1st game of 1994 soccer World Cup

Sweden History

Historical Events
0860-06-18 - Swedish Vikings attack Constantinople
1220-08-08 - Sweden is defeated by Estonian tribes in the Battle of Lihula.
1276-05-24 - Magnus Ladulås is crowned King of Sweden in Uppsala Cathedral.
1323-08-12 - Treaty of Nöteborg between Sweden and Novgorod (Russia) regulates the border for the first time.
1389-02-24 - Battle at Falköping: Danes defeat King Albert of Sweden
1397-06-17 - Union of Kalmar established between Denmark, Sweden & Norway
1397-06-30 - Denmark, Norway & Sweden sign Union of Kalmar under Queen Margaretha
1456-10-17 - The University of Greifswald is established, making it the second oldest university in northern continental Europe (also for a period the oldest in Sweden, and Prussia)
1520-01-19 - Sten Sture the Younger, the Regent of Sweden, was mortally wounded at the Battle of Bogesund.
1520-11-04 - Danish/Norwegian king Christian II crowned king of Sweden
1520-11-08 - Stockholm Bloodbath begins: A successful invasion of Sweden by Danish forces results in the execution of around 100 people.
1520-11-09 - Swedish King Christian II executes 600 nobles
1523-06-06 - Gustav Vasa is elected King of Sweden, marking the end of the Kalmar Union.
1527-06-24 - Gustaaf I begins Reformation in Sweden, taking RC possessions
1528-01-12 - Gustav I of Sweden crowned king of Sweden.
1564-05-31 - Battle on Gotland: Lubeck & Denmark beat Sweden
1570-12-13 - Sweden/Denmark signs Peace of Stettin
1593-03-01 - The Uppsala Synod is summoned to confirm the exact forms of the Lutheran Church of Sweden.
1594-02-19 - Having already inherited the throne of the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth through his mother Catherine Jagellonica of Poland, Sigismund III of the House of Vasa is crowned King of Sweden, succeeding his father John III of Sweden.
1600-03-20 - The Linköping Bloodbath takes place on Maundy Thursday in Linköping, Sweden.
1605-08-08 - The city of Oulu, Finland, is founded by Charles IX of Sweden.
1605-09-27 - The armies of Sweden are utterly defeated by the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth in the Battle of Kircholm.
1610-06-24 - Battle at Klushino: King Sigismund II beats Russia & Sweden
1610-07-04 - Battle at Klushino: King Sigismund II beats Russian & Sweden
1611-10-30 - Gustaaf II Adolf (17) becomes king of Sweden
1613-01-20 - Peace of Knarodends War of Kalmar between Denmark & Sweden
1617-03-09 - Sweden & Russia sign Peace of Stolbowa
1621-09-15 - Swedish troops occupy Riga
1628-04-29 - Sweden & Denmark sign defense treaty against Duke of Wallenstein
1629-09-26 - Sweden & Poland signs Peace of Altmark
1630-06-26 - Swedish troops under Gustaf II Adolf lands at Peenemunde
1630-07-06 - Swedish troops under Gustaf II Adolf land at Peenemunde
1631-01-23 - France & Sweden sign anti-German Treaty of Barwald
1632-09-03 - Battle at Nurnberg: Duke wallenstein beats Sweden
1632-11-06 - Battle at Lutzen: Swedish/Saxon army beats imperial armies
1632-11-16 - Battle at Lutzen: Sweden beats imperial armies under Von Wallenstein
1633-04-23 - Sweden & Protestant German monarchy form Union of Heilbronn
1634-08-26 - Battle at Nordlingen Bavarian: emperor Ferdinand II & Spain beat Sweden & German protestants
1634-09-05 - -6] Battle at Nordlingen: King Ferdinand III & Spain beat Sweden & German protestants
1634-09-06 - Battle at Nordlingen ends in Swedish/protestant German defeat
1635-09-12 - Sweden & Poland sign ceasefire Treaty of Stuhmsdorf
1636-10-04 - Battle at Wittstock, Brandenburg: Sweden beat Ferdinand III
1637-11-20 - Peter Minuit & 1st Swedish immigrants to Delaware sail from Sweden
1638-03-29 - 1st permanent white settlement in Delaware (Swedish Lutherans)
1638-12-17 - French/Swedish troops occupy Breisach on the Rhine
1641-12-25 - Emperor Ferdinand III makes appointments with Sweden & France
1642-11-02 - 2nd battle at Breitenfeld Saksen: Sweden beat Ferdinand III
1645-03-24 - Battle at Jankov Bohemia: Sweden beatS RC emperor Ferdinand III
1645-08-13 - Sweden & Denmark sign Peace of Brömsebro
1647-03-14 - Thirty Years' War: Bavaria, Cologne, France and Sweden sign the Truce of Ulm.
1649-09-30 - Last Swedish troops vacate Prague
1654-04-21 - England & Sweden sign trade agreement
1654-06-06 - Queen Christina of Sweden resigns & converts to Catholicism
1655-08-29 - Warsaw falls without resistance to a small force under the command of Charles X Gustav of Sweden during The Deluge.
1655-09-26 - Peter Stuyvesant recaptures Dutch Ft Casimir from Swedish in Delaware
1655-10-09 - Swedish king Karel X Gustaaf occupies Krakow
1656-01-17 - Brandenburg & Sweden sign Treaty of Königsberg
1656-07-18 - -20] Battle at Warsaw: Swedish king Karel X Gustaafbeats Johan II Kasimir & occupies Warsaw
1656-09-19 - Treaty of Labiau: Sweden gives Prussia, Brandenburg
1656-10-24 - Treaty of Vilnius: Russia & Poland sign anti-Swedish covenant
1656-11-03 - Treaty of Vilnius Russia/Poland sign anti-Swedish covenant [NS]
1656-12-01 - Germany promises Poland aid against Sweden
1658-03-08 - Peace of Roskilde between Sweden & Denmark
1658-08-15 - France/Sweden/Bavarian/Brunswick/Munster/Hessen-Kassel form Rijnbond
1658-11-08 - Battle of Sont: Swedish fleet beats Dutch
1659-02-11 - The assault on Copenhagen by Swedish forces is beaten back with heavy losses.
1660-02-23 - Charles XI becomes king of Sweden
1660-04-23 - Treaty of Oliwa is established between Sweden and Poland.
1660-05-03 - Sweden, Poland, Brandenburg & Austria sign Peace of Oliva
1660-05-27 - Denmark & Sweden sign ceasefire
1660-06-06 - Denmark & Sweden signs peace treaty
1661-06-21 - Treaty of Kardis: Russia & Sweden sign peace treaty
1668-01-23 - England, Netherlands & Sweden signs Triple Alliance against French
1675-06-25 - Battle at Rathenow: Brandenburgers beat Sweden
1675-06-28 - Battle at Fehrbellin: Brandenburgs army beats Sweden
1675-09-06 - Swedish admiral Stenbock sails out with fleet of 66 ships
1676-06-11 - Battle at Öland: Danish & Dutch fleet under CM Tromp beats Sweden
1676-12-03 - Battle at Lund: Sweden beats Denen
1676-12-04 - Battle of Lund: A Danish army under the command of King Christian V of Denmark engages the Swedish army commanded by Field Marshal Simon Grundel-Helmfelt.
1678-11-05 - Brandenburgse troops occupy Greifswald in Sweden
1681-09-30 - Netherlands & Sweden sign treaty
1682-11-12 - Swedish king Karel XI establishes absolute monarchy
1685-12-03 - Charles II bars Jews from settling in Stockholm Sweden
1686-07-09 - Germany, Sweden & Spain signs anti-French League of Augsburg
1697-04-15 - Charles XII succeeds Charles XI as King of Sweden
1699-11-22 - Treaty of Preobrasjensku Denmark/Russia/Saksen/Poland divide Sweden
1700-02-28 - Today is followed by March 1 in Sweden, thus creating the Swedish calendar.
1700-08-08 - Denmark & Sweden sign peace treaty
1700-08-18 - Swedish, English & Dutch army lands on Seeland, Denmark
1700-11-19 - Battle at Narva: Swedish King Karel XII defeats Russians
1700-11-30 - King Charles XII of Sweden defeats Russia at Narva [NS]
1702-05-14 - Swedish troops under King Charles XII occupy Warsaw
1702-07-19 - Swedish troops under King Charles XII occupy Crackow
1703-05-01 - Battle at Rultusk: Swedish army beats Russians
1706-02-13 - Battle at Fraustadt: Swedish army beats Russia/Saksen
1706-09-24 - Treaty of Altranstädt: Charles XII of Sweden & August II of Saksen
1707-08-22 - Sweden & Prussia sign military treaty
1708-07-04 - Swedish King Karel XII beats Russians
1708-09-11 - Charles XII of Sweden stops his march to conquer Moscow outside Smolensk, marking the turning point in the Great Northern War. The army is defeated nine months later in the Battle of Poltava, and the Swedish empire is no longer a major power.
1708-09-28 - Battle at Lesnaya: Russian army captures Swedish convoy
1708-10-09 - Battle at Lesnaya: Russian army captures Swedish convoy
1709-06-27 - Peter the Great defeats Charles XII of Sweden at the Battle of Poltava.
1710-02-28 - In the Battle of Helsingborg, 14,000 Danish invaders under Jørgen Rantzau are decisively defeated by an equally sized Swedish force under Magnus Stenbock.
1712-02-29 - February 29 is followed by February 30 in Sweden, in a move to abolish the Swedish calendar for a return to the Old style.
1713-02-01 - The Kalabalik or Tumult in Bendery results from the Ottoman sultan's order that his unwelcome guest, King Charles XII of Sweden, be seized.
1714-07-14 - Battle of Aland, Russian fleet overpowers larger Swedish fleet
1714-07-27 - Battle at Hango (Hangut): Russians beat Swedish fleet
1714-11-22 - King Karel XII leaves Turkish captivity to return to Sweden
1715-05-01 - Prussia declares war on Sweden
1715-12-24 - Swedish troops occupy Norway
1719-11-20 - Sweden & Hannover sign peace Treaty of Stockholm1720-02-01 - Sweden & Prussia sign peace treaty
1720-02-11 - Sweden & Prussia sign peace (2nd Treaty of Stockholm)
1720-02-29 - Queen Ulrica Eleonora of Sweden resigns
1720-06-09 - Sweden & Denmark signs 3rd Treaty of Stockholm
1720-07-03 - Sweden & Denmark sign peace treaty
1721-08-30 - Russian/Swedish Peace of Nystad, ends North Sea War
1743-08-17 - Sweden & Russia sign peace treaty
1751-04-05 - Adolf Frederik of Holstein-Gottorp crowns himself king of Sweden
1762-05-22 - Sweden & Prussia sign peace treaty
1770-06-19 - Emanuel Swedenborg reports the completion of the Second Coming of Christ in his work True Christian Religion.
1771-02-12 - Gustav III becomes the King of Sweden.
1772-08-19 - Gustav III seizes effective control of Swedish government & restores full power of monarchy, which had been subordinate to parliament since 1720
1772-08-21 - King Gustav III completes his coup d'etat by adopting a new Constitution, ending half a century of parliamentary rule in Sweden and installing himself as an enlightened despot.
1780-08-01 - Sweden declares neutrality
1783-02-05 - Sweden recognizes US independence
1783-04-03 - Sweden & US sign a treaty of Amity & Commerce
1788-07-17 - Russian fleet destroys Swedish
1788-08-13 - Prussia joins Anglo-Dutch alliance to form Triple Alliance to prevent spread of Russo-Swedish War of 1788-90
1790-07-09 - Russo-Swedish War: Second Battle of Svensksund - in the Baltic Sea, the Swedish Navy captures one third of the Russian fleet.
1790-08-14 - Sweden & Russia sign Peace of Verela
1792-03-16 - King Gustav III of Sweden is shot Count Anckarström at a masked ball at the Opera; he dies on March 29.
1792-03-29 - King Gustav III of Sweden dies after being shot in the back at a midnight masquerade ball at Stockholm's Royal Opera just 13 days earlier. He is succeeded by Gustav IV Adolf.
1794-03-27 - Denmark and Sweden form a neutrality compact.
1800-01-05 - 1st Swedenborgian temple in US holds 1st service, Baltimore
1808-05-03 - Finnish War: Sweden loses the fortress of Sveaborg to Russia.
1808-09-13 - Finnish War: In the Battle of Jutas, Swedish forces under Lieutenant General Georg Carl von Döbeln beat the Russians, making von Döbeln a Swedish war hero.
1809-03-22 - Charles XIII succeeds Gustav IV Adolf to the Swedish throne.
1809-03-29 - King Gustav IV Adolf of Sweden abdicates after a coup d'état. At the Diet of Porvoo, Finland's four Estates pledge allegiance to Alexander I of Russia, commencing the secession of the Grand Duchy of Finland from Sweden.
1809-06-06 - Sweden declares independence, constitutional monarchy established
1809-06-06 - Sweden promulgates a new Constitution, which restores political power to the Riksdag of the Estates after 20 years of Enlightened absolutism.
1809-09-17 - Peace between Sweden and Russia in the Finnish War. The territory to become Finland is ceded to Russia by the Treaty of Fredrikshamn.
1810-08-21 - Jean-Baptiste Bernadotte, Marshal of France, is elected Crown Prince of Sweden by the Swedish Riksdag of the Estates.
1810-09-26 - A new Act of Succession is adopted by the Riksdag of the Estates and Jean Baptiste Bernadotte becomes heir to the Swedish throne.
1812-01-09 - Swedish Pomerania (Germany) seized by Napoleon
1814-01-14 - King of Denmark cedes Norway to King of Sweden by treaty of Kiel
1814-05-17 - Denmark cedes Norway to Sweden (Natl Day)
1818-02-05 - Jean-Baptiste Bernadotte ascends to the thrones of Sweden and Norway.
1818-09-07 - Carl III of Sweden-Norway is crowned king of Norway, in Trondheim.
1844-03-08 - King Oscar I ascends to the throne of Sweden-Norway.
1844-09-28 - Oscar I of Sweden-Norway is crowned king of Sweden.
1847-01-15 - 1st Swedish magazine in US, Skandinavia, published in NYC
1850-09-11 - "Swedish Nightingale" Jenny Lind gives 1st US concert
1859-07-08 - King Charles XV/Carl IV accedes to the throne of Sweden-Norway.
1860-03-21 - US extradition treaty with Sweden
1860-05-03 - Charles XV of Sweden-Norway is crowned king of Sweden.
1860-08-05 - Carl IV of Sweden-Norway is crowned king of Norway, in Trondheim.
1868-11-30 - The inauguration of a statue of King Charles XII of Sweden takes place in the King's garden in Stockholm.
1872-09-18 - King Oscar II accedes to the throne of Sweden-Norway.
1873-05-12 - Oscar II of Sweden-Norway is crowned King of Sweden.
1905-06-07 - Norway dissolves union with Sweden (in effect since 1814)
1905-10-26 - Union of Sweden & Norway ends
1905-11-09 - Swedish mine workers win 5 month strike for minimum wages
1907-12-08 - King Gustaf V of Sweden accedes to the Swedish throne.
1908-04-23 - Denmark, Germany, Engld, France, Neth & Sweden signs North Sea accord
1912-05-05 - 5th Olympic games open at Stockholm, Sweden
1912-07-17 - IAF (Intl Amateur Athletic Federation) forms in Sweden
1912-07-22 - 5th Olympic games in Stockholm, Sweden closes
1912-12-21 - Denmark, Norway & Sweden declare neutrality in Comende war
1913-04-21 - Gideon Sundback of Sweden patents the zipper
1913-04-29 - Swedish engineer Gideon Sundback of Hoboken patents all-purpose zipper
1921-05-08 - Sweden abolished capital punishment
1923-02-28 - Swedish king Gustaaf V begins state visit to Netherlands
1924-03-17 - Sweden & USSR exchange diplomats
1925-01-24 - Sandler follows Branting as premier of Sweden
1926-06-07 - Swedish government of Ekman forms
1926-09-22 - Belgian crown prince Leopold & Swedish princess Astrid get engaged
1927-04-14 - The first Volvo car premieres in Gothenburg, Sweden.
1931-05-14 - Ådalen shootings: five people are killed in Ådalen, Sweden, as soldiers open fire on an unarmed trade union demonstration.
1935-12-30 - Italian bombers destroy Swedish Red Cross unit in Ethiopia
1942-08-28 - Gunther Hagg (Sweden) sets world record for 3,000m (8:01.2)
1943-06-20 - Sweden's Gunther Hagg beats favorite Greg Rice by 35 yards in 5,000m at national AAU track & field championship in NY
1944-07-19 - Swedish diplomat Raoul Wallenberg 1st meets Eichmann
1944-10-30 - Sweden announces intention to stay neutral & refuse sanctuary in WW II
1945-01-17 - Swedish diplomat Raoul Wallenberg, credited with saving tens of thousands of Jews from the Nazis, arrested by secret police in Hungary
1945-01-28 - Swedish ships bring food to starving Netherlands
1949-04-19 - 53rd Boston Marathon won by Gosta Leandersson of Sweden in 2:31:50.8
1949-12-16 - Svenska Aeroplan Aktiebolaget, later knows as SAAB, is founded in Sweden.
1950-01-12 - Swedish tanker rams British submarine Truculent in Thames, 64 die
1952-06-13 - Soviet fighters shoot Swedish Dakota down over East Sea, kills 8
1952-06-16 - Soviet Fighters shoot Swedish Catalina reconnaissance flight down
1953-04-07 - Dag Hammarskjoeld of Sweden elected 2nd UN general-secretary
1954-10-29 - Sweden begins experimental TV
1958-06-28 - Brazil becomes world soccer champ in Sweden
1958-06-29 - Brazil beats Sweden 5-2 in soccer's 6th World Cup at Stockholm
1961-04-24 - The 17th century Swedish ship Vasa is salvaged.
1963-10-25 - Beatles begin their 1st full foreign tour in Sweden
1967-09-03 - Sweden begins driving on right-hand side of road
1969-01-10 - Sweden (1st Western country) recognizes North Vietnam
1969-10-14 - Palme government forms in Sweden
1972-08-10 - Paul & Linda McCartney are arrested in Sweden on drug possession
1972-08-18 - Police fine Paul & Linda McCartney ś800 in Sweden cannabis possession
1973-09-19 - Carl XVI Gustaf, becomes King of Sweden
1974-02-05 - Mats Wermelin, Sweden, scores all points in 272-0 basketball win
1974-06-06 - A new Instrument of Government is promulgated making Sweden a parliamentary monarchy.
1975-01-01 - Sweden adopts constitution
1975-04-25 - West German embassy blown-up in Stockholm Sweden
1975-12-21 - 64th Davis Cup: Sweden beats Czechoslovakia in Stockholm (3-2)
1976-04-22 - Director Ingmar Bergman leaves Sweden due to taxation
1978-01-23 - Sweden becomes the first nation in the world to ban aerosol sprays, believed to be damaging to earth's ozone layer.
1978-01-29 - Sweden outlaws aerosol sprays due to their harmful effect on the ozone layer, becoming the first nation to enact such a ban.
1978-10-05 - Sweden's Fälldin government falls
1980-01-01 - Sweden changes order of succession to throne
1980-01-01 - Victoria is crowned princess of Sweden.
1981-10-05 - Swedish diplomat Raoul Wallenberg becomes an honarary American
1981-10-27 - The Soviet submarine U 137 runs aground on the east coast of Sweden.
1982-10-07 - Olof Palme forms Swedish government
1983-12-28 - 72nd Davis Cup: Australia beats Sweden in Melbourne (3-2)
1984-04-30 - 1700 skiers participate in an alpine event at Are Sweden
1984-07-09 - Yvonne Ryding, of Sweden, crowned 33rd Miss Universe
1984-12-18 - 73rd Davis Cup: Sweden beats USA in Gothenburg (4-1)
1985-08-10 - Uno Lindstron of Sweden, juggles a soccer ball 13.11 miles
1985-09-15 - Olof Palme forms Sweden minority government
1985-12-22 - 74th Davis Cup: Sweden beats Germany in Munich (3-2)
1986-03-15 - Funeral services held for Swedish PM Olaf Palme
1986-12-21 - 75th Davis Cup: Australia beats Sweden in Melbourne (3-2)
1987-06-30 - Patrik Sjoberg of Sweden set a new world record in high jump
1987-12-20 - 76th Davis Cup: Sweden beats India in Gothenburg (5-0)
1988-12-06 - Arafat meets prominent American Jews in Stockholm, Sweden
1988-12-17 - 77th Davis Cup: Germany beats Sweden in Gothenburg (4-1)
1989-11-04 - The congress of the Solidarity Party is inaugurated in Sweden. The congress decides, contrary to the proposal of the central committee, not to disband the party.
1989-12-13 - The last issue of Gnistan (The Spark), the organ of the Solidaritetspartiet, is published in Sweden.
1989-12-17 - 78th Davis Cup: Germany beats Sweden in Stuttgart (3-2)
1991-08-05 - Sergei Bubka of USSR sets pole vault world record (6.10m) in Malmö Sweden
1994-04-27 - 29.0°C in Genevad, Sweden (Swedish April high temperature record)
1994-06-11 - Drunken officer shoots 7 people dead in Falun Sweden
1994-07-16 - Sweden shuts out Bulgaria 4-0, to finish 3rd in the World Cup
1994-09-18 - Sweden social-democratic SPD wins parliamentary election
1994-09-19 - Swedish government of Bildt resigns
1994-10-07 - Ingvar Carlsson forms Swedish government
1994-11-13 - Sweden agrees to join European Union
1994-12-04 - 83rd Davis Cup: Sweden beats Russia in Moscow (4-1)
1995-01-01 - Austria, Finland & Sweden act to join European Union
1995-06-09 - Dumb & Dumber (1994), premieres in Sweden
1996-12-01 - 85th Davis Cup: France beats Sweden in Malmo (3-2)
1997-11-30 - 86th Davis Cup: Sweden sweeps US in Gothenburg (5-0)
1998-02-08 - 1st female ice hockey game in Olympic history Finland beats Sweden 6-0
1999-05-28 - Two Swedish police officers are murdered with their own fire arms by the bank robbers Jackie Arklöv and Tony Olsson after a dramatic car chase.
2000-07-01 - The Oresund Bridge, connecting Sweden and Denmark, opens for traffic.
2003-09-11 - Swedish foreign minister Anna Lindh dies after being assaulted and fatally wounded on September 10.
2003-09-14 - In a referendum Sweden rejects adopting the euro.
2004-03-19 - A Swedish DC-3 shot down by a Russian MiG-15 in the 1950s is finally recovered after years of work. The remains of the crew are left in place, pending further investigations.
2006-05-21 - The Swedish ice hockey team Tre Kronor takes gold in the World Championship, becoming the first nation to hold both the World and Olympic titles separately in the same year.
2009-05-01 - Same-sex marriage is legalized in Sweden.
2010-12-11 - Two explosions occur in a busy shopping district of Stockholm, Sweden, killing one and injuring two others. Officials say the incident is being treated as a terrorist attack.
2012-06-14 - The world's first stem-cell assisted vein transplant is undertaken by Swedish doctors on a 10 year old girl
2012-09-17 - Swedish forensic scientists find no conclusive evidence of Wikileaks founder Julian Assange's DNA in a torn condom  

Spain History

0694-11-09 - Spanish King Egica accuses Jews of aiding Moslems/sentenced to slavery
0711-07-09 - Berbers under Tarik-ibn Ziyad occupies North Spain
0756-05-15 - Abd-al-Rahman I becomes emir of Cordova Spain
0939-08-06 - Battle at Simancas - Spain beats Moors
1212-06-20 - French & Spanish crusaders unite against the Almohaden at Toledo
1212-07-16 - Battle of Las Navas de Tolosa; end of Moslem power in Spain
1229-12-31 - James I of Aragon the Conqueror enters Medina Mayurqa (now known as Palma, Spain) thus consummating the Christian conquest of the island of Majorca.
1250-04-15 - Pope Innoncent III refuses Jews of Cordova Spain to build a synagogue
1340-11-28 - Battle of Salado Spain: last Moor invasion driven back
1355-05-07 - 1,200 Jews of Toledo Spain killed by Count Henry of Trastamara
1367-04-13 - Battle at Nájera Spain: Castile & England beat Aragon & France
1391-03-15 - Jew hating Monk in Seville Spain stirs up people to attack Jews
1391-06-04 - Mob led by Ferrand Martinez surounds & sets fire to Jewish quarter of Seville Spain, surviving Jews sold into slavery
1391-06-06 - Inhabitants of Seville Spain massacres 5,000 Jews
1429-01-10 - Order of Golden Fleece established in Austria-Hungary & Spain
1455-05-03 - Jews flee Spain
1461-08-10 - Alfonso ed Espina, bishop of Osma urges for an Inquistion in Spain
1483-10-17 - Tomas de Torquemada appointed inquisitor-general of Spain
1489-12-04 - Battle of Baza-Spanish army captures Baza from Moors
1491-11-25 - The siege of Granada, last Moorish stronghold in Spain, begins.
1492-01-02 - Spain recaptures Granada from the Moors (Granada Day)
1492-01-16 - The first grammar of a modern language, in the Spanish language, is presented to Queen Isabella.
1492-03-30 - King Ferdinand & Queen Isabella sign decree expelling Jews from Spain
1492-04-17 - Christopher Columbus signs contract with Spain to find Indies
1492-04-30 - Spain announces it will expels all Jews
1492-08-02 - Jews are expelled from Spain by King Ferdinand & Queen Isabella
1492-08-03 - All Jews are expelled from Spain
1492-08-03 - Columbus sets sail from Palos, Spain for the "Indies"
1492-10-28 - Christopher Columbus discovers Cuba & claims it for Spain
1492-11-15 - In La Guardia, Spain, 6 Jews & 5 Conversos are accused of ritual murder
1492-12-26 - 1st Spanish settlement La Navidad (modern Môle-Saint-Nicolas) in New World founded, by Columbus
1493-01-16 - Columbus leaves the new world and sets sail for Spain on his 1st trip
1493-01-19 - France cedes Roussillon & Cerdagne to Spain by treaty of Barcelona
1493-03-15 - Christopher Columbus returns to Spain after his 1st New World voyage
1493-05-04 - Spanish Pope Alexander VI divides America between Spain & Portugal
1494-06-07 - Treaty of Tordesillas, Spain & Portugal divide America
1501-11-04 - Philip de Blank & Juana "la Loca" depart to Spain
1502-05-09 - Columbus left Spain on his 4th & final trip to New World
1503-01-20 - Casa Contratacion (Board of Trade) found (Spain) to deal with American affairs
1503-04-28 - Battle at Cerignalo: Spanish army under G Cordoba beats France
1503-10-30 - Queen Isabella of Spain bans violence against indians
1503-12-27 - Battle at Garigliano] Spanish army under G Cordoba beats France
1503-12-29 - Battle at Carigliano: Spanish army beats France
1504-03-31 - France & Spain signs ceasefire
1504-10-12 - Queen Isabella I of Spain signs her testament
1511-11-17 - England, Spain and the Holy Roman Empire sign anti-French covenant The Treaty of Westminster
1512-04-11 - Battle at Ravenna: France under Gaston de Foix beat Spanish Army
1512-12-27 - The Spanish Crown issues the Laws of Burgos, governing the conduct of settlers with regards to native Indians in the New World.
1513-04-02 - Florida discovered, claimed for Spain by Ponce de Leon
1513-04-08 - Explorer Juan Ponce de Leon claimed Florida for Spain
1513-10-07 - Battle of La Motta: Spanish troops under Ramón de Cardona defeat the Venetians.
1516-08-13 - The Treaty of Noyon between France and Spain is signed. Francis recognises Charles's claim to Naples, and Charles recognises Francis's claim to Milan.
1520-06-30 - Spanish conquerors under Cortes take gold from Aztecs
1521-04-22 - French king Francois I declares war on Spain
1521-08-13 - Spanish conquerors Tenochtitlan (Mexico City) from Aztecs
1521-11-19 - Battle at Milan: Emperor Karel V's/pontifical/Spanish/German troops beat France & occupy Milan
1522-02-07 - Treaty of Brussels: Habsburgers split into Spanish/Austrian Branches
1522-05-25 - Emperor Karel I returns to Spain
1522-09-06 - Magellen with Vittoria returns to Spain, after 1st round world trip
1522-09-08 - Spanish navigator Juan de Elcano returns to Spain, completes 1st circumnavigation of globe, expedition begins under Ferdinand Magellan
1524-10-26 - Spanish troops give Milan to France
1526-03-17 - French king Francois I freed from Spain
1526-03-26 - King Francois I returns Spanish captivity to France
1527-05-06 - Spanish & German Imperial troops sack Rome; ending Renaissance
1528-09-28 - Spanish fleet sinks in Florida hurricane; about 380 die
1528-11-06 - Shipwrecked Spanish conquistador Álvar Núñez Cabeza de Vaca becomes the first known European to set foot in Texas.
1529-04-22 - Treaty of Saragosa: Spain & Portugal divide eastern hemisphere
1534-12-06 - Quito, Ecuador founded by Spanish
1538-07-25 - The City of Guayaquil is founded by the Spanish Conquistador Francisco de Orellana and given the name Muy Noble y Muy Leal Ciudad de Santiago de Guayaquil.
1538-09-28 - Battle at Preveza: Turkish fleet under Barbarossa beats Spanish
1539-01-14 - Spain annexes Cuba.
1539-05-30 - Spanish explorer Fernando de Soto discovers Florida
1539-06-03 - Hernando De Soto claims Florida for Spain
1542-06-27 - Juan Rodriguez Cabrillo claims California for Spain
1542-08-24 - Conquistador Francisco de Orellana returns to Spain
1542-11-22 - Spain delegates "New Laws" against slavery in America
1552-07-17 - Siena drives Spanish troops out of Verdun
1553-12-25 - Battle of Tucapel: Mapuche rebels under Lautaro defeats the Spanish conquistadors and exetutes the governor of Chile Pedro de Valdivia.
1555-04-17 - Siena surrenders for Spanish troops
1555-10-21 - English parliament refuses to recognize Philip of Spain as king
1556-01-16 - Emperor Karel appoints his son Philip II, king of Spain
1556-03-28 - Karel V's son Philip II crowned king of Spain
1556-09-13 - Charles V & Maria of Hungary march into Spain
1556-09-15 - Vlissingen ex-emperor Charles V returns to Spain
1556-10-17 - Ex-emperor Karel departs Netherland for Spain
1558-07-13 - Battle of Gravelines: In France, Spanish forces led by Count Lamoral of Egmont defeat the French forces of Marshal Paul des Thermes at Gravelines.
1559-04-03 - Spain & France signs 2nd Treaty of Le Cateau-Cambrésis
1559-08-14 - Spanish explorer de Luna lands in Pensacola Bay,Fla
1559-08-22 - Spanish archbishop Bartholome de Carranza arrested as heretic
1559-09-19 - 5 Spanish ships sinks in storm off Tampa, about 600 die
1560-03-13 - Spanish fleet occupies Djerba, at Tripoli
1560-09-25 - Spanish king Philip II names Frederik Schenck of Toutenburg, 1st archbishop of Utrecht
1561-09-23 - King Philip II of Spain forbids Spanish settlements in Florida
1564-08-18 - Spanish king Philip II joins Council of Trente
1565-04-27 - 1st Spanish settlement in Philippines, Cebu City, forms
1566-12-01 - Spanish king Philip II names Fernando Alvarez, duke of Alva
1567-03-13 - Battle at Oosterweel: Spanish troops destroy Geuzenleger
1568-05-23 - Battle at Heiligerlee: Dutch rebels beat Spanish, 100s killed
1568-05-23 - The Netherlands declare their independence from Spain.
1568-07-10 - Battle on Eems: Dutch Water garrison beats Spanish
1609-09-11 - Expulsion order announced against the Moriscos of Valencia; beginning of the expulsion of all Spain's Moriscos.
1616-02-26 - Spanish Inquisition delivers injunction to Galileo
1617-10-09 - Peace of Pavia (Spain & Savoye)
1617-12-16 - Spanish viceroy Hernando Arias de Saavedra founds provinces Rio de la Plata (Argentina)/Guaira (Paraguay)
1621-04-09 - Spain & Netherlands 12 Year Resistant Pact ends
1622-09-06 - Spanish silver fleet disappears off Florida Keys; 1,000s die
1624-03-10 - England declares war on Spain
1624-05-03 - Spanish silver fleet sails to Panama
1624-06-10 - Netherlands & France sign anti-Spanish Treaty of Compiègne
1625-05-01 - Portuguese & Spanish expedition recaptures Salvador (Bahia)
1625-06-05 - Spanish troops under Spinola conquer Breda
1627-01-31 - Spanish government goes bankrupt
1627-03-20 - France & Spain signs accord for fighting protestantism
1628-09-08 - Bay of Matanzas Cuba: Piet Heyn captures Spanish silver fleet
1629-05-03 - French huguenot leader duke De Rohan signs accord with Spain
1629-09-14 - Spanish garrison surrenders to prince Frederik Henry
1630-07-18 - Spanish troops occupy Mantua
1630-11-05 - Spain & England sign peace treaty
1631-09-13 - Admiral Tholen conquerors 30+ Spanish frigates
1634-08-26 - Battle at Nordlingen Bavarian: emperor Ferdinand II & Spain beat Sweden & German protestants
1634-09-05 - -6] Battle at Nordlingen: King Ferdinand III & Spain beat Sweden & German protestants
1635-05-19 - France declares war on Spain
1635-07-28 - Spanish marshal Piccolomini conquerors Schenkenschans
1636-08-14 - Spanish troops occupy Corbie at Amiens
1639-10-21 - Sea battle at Dunes, Lt Admiral Maarten Tromp defeats Spanish armada under De Oquendo
1640-05-12 - Uprising against Spanish king Philip IV
1640-12-01 - Portugal regains independence after 60 years of Spanish rule
1641-06-01 - France & Portugal sign anti-Spanish covenant
1643-05-19 - Battle at Rocroi/Allersheim: French army destroys Spanish army
1646-05-30 - Spain & Netherlands signs temporary cease fire
1647-07-07 - People's uprising against high prices & Spanish rule in Naples
1648-01-30 - Spain & Netherlands sign Peace of Munster, ending Tachtigjarige War
1648-04-05 - Spanish troops/feudal barons strike down people's uprising in Naples
1648-05-15 - Treaty of Munster: Spain & Netherlands ratified
1650-04-30 - French rebel Henri de la Tour Turenne signs treaty with Spain
1652-05-19 - Spanish troops occupy Grevelingen
1652-09-16 - Spanish troops occupy Dunkerk
1657-03-23 - France & England form alliance against Spain; England gets Dunkirk
1657-04-20 - Battle in Santa Cruz Bay, Tenerife: English fleet under Robert Blake sinks Spanish silver fleet
1658-05-24 - Battle of Dunes (Spanish-French War) fought
1658-06-14 - Battle at Dunes: English & French fleet beat Spanish
1658-06-25 - Spanish garrison at Duinkerk surrenders to French & British
1658-08-24 - Battle at Grevelingen: English fleet beats Spanish
1659-01-14 - Battle at Elvas: Portuguese beat Spanish
1659-11-07 - Peace of Pyreneeen: French king Louis XIV & Spanish king Philip IV
1659-11-17 - Peace of the Pyrenees is signed between France and Spain.
1663-06-08 - Battle at Amegical: English & Portugese fleet beats Spanish
1665-06-06 - Battle at Monte Carlo: English & Portuguese army beat Spain
1665-06-17 - Battle at Viciosa: English & Portuguese army beat Spain
1668-01-19 - King Louis XIV & Emperor Leopold I sign treaty dividing Spain
1668-02-13 - Treaty of Lisbon: Spain recognizes Portugal
1668-05-02 - Treaty of Aix-la-Chapelle/1st peace of Aken: ends War of Devolution, French-Spanish war in The Netherlands
1668-10-09 - Mass society storms palace of "heretics" Spanish gov Jose de Paternina
1671-01-18 - Pirate Henry Morgan defeats Spanish defenders, captures Panama
1673-08-30 - Leopold I, Spain, Netherlands & Lutherans form anti-French covenant
1674-07-01 - Spain, France & Netherlands form Triple Alliance
1675-01-01 - Don Carlos de Gurrea/Aragon becomes Spanish land guardian of S Neth
1676-04-22 - Battle of Etna - Neth/Spain vs France, M de Ruyter fatally wounded
1676-06-02 - Battle at Palermo: French beats Dutch/Spanish fleet
1676-11-06 - King Carlos II of Spain comes of age (at 15)
1678-09-17 - France & Spain signs peace treaty
1680-08-21 - Pueblo Indians takes possession of Santa Fé from Spanish
1684-08-15 - Spain & Germany sign cease fire with France
1686-07-09 - Germany, Sweden & Spain signs anti-French League of Augsburg
1689-04-15 - French king Louis XIV declares war on Spain
1689-08-25 - Battle at Charleroi: Spanish & English armies chase French
1690-07-01 - Battle of Colors: French beats Spanish/Dutch army
1691-12-04 - Spanish king Carlos II names Maximilian II viceroy of S Netherlands
1697-10-30 - Germany signs French/English/Spanish/Neth/Brandenburgs peace treaty ending 9 year War
1698-11-14 - Spanish king Carlos appoints grandson prince Jozef Ferdinand as heir
1699-06-11 - England, France & Neth agree on 2nd Extermination treaty of Spain
1700-10-02 - Spanish king Carlos II appoints Philip van Anjou, heir to throne
1701-05-15 - The War of the Spanish Succession begins.
1702-05-14 - England & Netherlands declares war on France & Spain
1702-05-15 - War of Spanish Succession, 1st American conflict between England & France
1702-10-12 - Battle of Bay of Vigo: Dutch & English fleet destroy & occupy Spanish silver fleet & French squadron
1703-09-12 - Emperor Leopold I ends contacts on Spanish heritage
1704-08-04 - War of Spanish Succession, English & Dutch troops occupy Gibraltar
1707-04-25 - Battle of Almansa-Franco-Spanish forces defeat Anglo-Portuguese
1713-03-27 - Spain losses Menorca & Gibraltar
1714-06-26 - Spain & Netherlands sign peace/trade agreement
1714-09-07 - Treaty of Baden: Holy Roman Emperor Charles VI & France, ends War of Spanish Succession, French retain Alsace, Austria gets bank of Rhine
1714-09-11 - French & Spanish troops under duke of Berwick occupy Barcelona
1715-07-29 - 10 Spanish treasure galleons sinks off Florida coast by hurricane
1715-07-30 - Spanish gold & silver fleet disappears off St Lucie, Florida
1717-08-22 - Spanish troops lands on Sardinia
1718-01-09 - France declares war on Spain
1718-07-31 - Battle at Cape Passaro: English fleet destroys Spanish
1718-08-11 - Battle at Cape Passaro: English fleet destroys Spanish
1718-12-17 - France, Britain and Austria declare war on Spain.
1721-03-27 - France & Spain sign Treaty of Madrid
1724-01-14 - Spanish King Philip V abdicates throne
1725-04-30 - Emperor Charles VI & King Philip IV of Spain sign Treaty of Vienna
1725-05-01 - Spain & Austria sign trade treaty
1725-11-05 - Spain & Austria sign secret treaty
1727-06-13 - Spain underwrites Preliminairy of Paris
1728-03-06 - Spain & England sign (1st) Convention of Pardo
1729-11-09 - Spain, France & England signs Treaty of Seville
1731-07-22 - Spain signs Treaty of Vienna
1733-09-26 - France, Spain & Sardinia sign anti-German covenant
1933-09-12 - Alejandro Lerroux forms new Spanish government
1933-10-08 - Martinez Barrios forms new Spanish government
1933-11-05 - Spanish Basques vote for autonomy
1933-11-19 - Women allowed to vote in Spain (helps right wing)
1933-12-17 - Spain's 2nd government of Lerroux forms
1934-04-28 - Spanish government of Samper forms
1936-01-16 - Spanish socialists/communists/anarchists form Unidad Popular
1936-02-16 - Spanish Frente Popular (People's Front) wins elections
1936-02-19 - Manuel Azaña becomes Spanish premier
1936-05-10 - Manuel Azaña elected president of Spain
1936-05-13 - Quiroga government takes office in Spain
1936-07-17 - Military uprising under Gen Franco/begins Spanish civil war
1936-07-18 - Spanish Civil War begins, Gen Francisco Franco led uprising
1936-07-19 - Spanish premier Casares Quiroga succeeded by Jose Giral
1936-07-24 - Gen Mola & Cabanellas form Spanish anti-government
1936-07-26 - The Axis Powers decide to intervene in the Spanish Civil War.
1936-09-04 - Franco troops conquer Irun & Talavera de la Reina Spain
1936-09-04 - Largo Caballero becomes Spanish premier
1936-09-21 - Spanish fascist junta names Franco to generalissimo/supreme commander
1936-10-01 - Generalissimo Francisco Franco establishes state of Spain
1936-10-20 - Spanish government moves to Barcelona
1936-11-18 - Germany & Italy recognized Spanish government of Francisco Franco
1937-02-21 - The League of Nations bans foreign national "volunteers" in the Spanish Civil War.
1937-03-20 - Franco-offensive at Guadalajara Spain
1937-04-26 - German Luftwaffe destroys Basque town of Guernica in Spain
1937-05-17 - Juan Negrin succeeds Largo Caballero as Spain's premier
1937-05-31 - German battleships bomb Almeria Spain
1937-07-01 - Spanish bishops support Franco & fascists
1937-07-05 - Republican offensive by Brunete in Spain
1937-07-19 - Joris Ivens' "Spanish Earth" premieres in Hollywood
1937-07-26 - End of the Battle of Brunete in the Spanish Civil War.
1937-08-24 - Republican offensive near Belchite Spain
1937-08-24 - In the Spanish Civil War, the Basque Army surrenders to the Italian Corpo Truppe Volontarie following the Santoña Agreement.
1937-09-01 - Battle of Gijon in Spain begins
1937-09-05 - Spanish Civil War: Llanes falls.
1937-09-06 - Spanish Civil War: The start of the Battle of El Mazuco.
1937-09-22 - Spanish Civil War: Peña Blanca is taken; the end of the Battle of El Mazuco.
1937-10-31 - Spanish government moves from Valencia to Barcelona
1938-02-27 - Britain & France recognize Franco government in Spain
1938-05-03 - Vatican recognizes Franco-Spain
1938-05-25 - Spanish Civil War: The bombing of Alicante takes place, with 313 deaths.
1938-07-25 - Revolutionary offensive of Ebro Spain (Hollander Piet)
1938-12-06 - 117 Spanish knights under capt Piet Laros return to Netherlands
1939-01-24 - Spanish government moves to Figueras
1939-02-06 - Spanish government flees to France
1939-02-22 - Netherlands recognizes Franco-regime in Spain
1939-02-27 - France recognizes Franco's regime in Spain
1939-02-28 - Great-Britain recognizes Franco-regime in Spain
1939-03-28 - Spanish Civil War ends, Madrid falls to Francisco Franco
1939-04-01 - US recognizes Franco government in Spain at end of Spanish civil war Pope Pius XII congratulates Generalissimo Franco's victory in Spain
1944-11-07 - Train crashes in tunnel of Aguadilla Spain; about 500 die
1946-12-03 - US government asks UN to order dictator Franco out of Spain
1946-12-11 - Spain suspended from UN
1947-07-09 - Spain votes for Franco monarchy
1947-08-18 - Naval torpedo & mine factory explodes at Cadiz, Spain killing 300
1948-02-11 - Test Cricket debut of Frank Worrell, v England Port-of-Spain
1949-07-07 - "Cabatgata (A Night in Spain)" opens at Broadway NYC for 76 perfs
1949-09-10 - "Cabatgata (A Night in Spain)" closes at Broadway NYC after 76 perfs
1950-11-10 - Spanish dictator Franco ends war in Gibraltar
1952-11-19 - Spain joins UNESCO
1953-09-26 - US & Spain sign defense treaty (4 US bases in Spain)
1956-04-07 - Spain relinquishes her protectorate in Morocco
1956-11-06 - Holland & Spain withdraw from Olympics, protest Soviets in Hungary
1958-01-13 - Moroccan Liberation Army ambushes Spanish patrol in the Battle of Edchera.
1958-02-05 - Test Cricket debut of Lance Gibbs, WI v Pakistan, Port-of-Spain
1958-04-10 - Northern strip of Spanish Sahara ceded to Morocco
1958-04-20 - Morocco demands departure of Spanish troops
1960-01-30 - Riot curtails third days play at Port-Of-Spain WI v England
1960-10-27 - Singer Ben E King records "Spanish Harlem" & "Stand By Me"
1960-11-13 - Fire in movie theater kills 152 children (Amude Spain)
1961-02-27 - The first congress of the Spanish Trade Union Organisation is inaugurated.
1961-07-15 - Spain accept equal rights for men & women
1961-08-30 - Last Spanish troops leave Morocco
1962-04-07 - Umrigar slams 172* v WI at Port-of-Spain in 248 minutes
1965-01-20 - Generalissimo Francisco Franco meets with Jewish representatives to discuss legitimizing Jewish communities in Spain
1966-01-02 - 1st Jewish child born in Spain since 1492 expulsion
1966-01-17 - B-52/KC-135 tankers crash near Spanish coast at Palomares, 7 die
1966-05-27 - 6 French fighters crash above Spain
1967-09-10 - Gibraltar votes 12,138 to 44 to remain British & not Spanish
1968-03-03 - Greece, Portugal & Spain's embassies bombed in the Hague
1968-05-06 - Spain closes border to Gibraltar except to Spaniards
1968-10-12 - Equatorial Guinea (Spanish Guinea) declares independence from Spain
1968-10-25 - Longest Oly field hockey game, Hol beats Spain 1-0 in 2h25m (6 OT)
1969-01-24 - Spanish Gen Franco announces state of emergency
1969-06-04 - 22-year-old man sneaks into wheel pod of a jet parked in Havana & survives 9-hr flight to Spain despite thin oxygen levels at 29,000 ft
1969-06-08 - General Franco closes Spain's frontier with Gibraltar
1969-06-30 - Spain cedes Ifni to Morocco
1970-07-04 - Chartered Dan-Air Comet crashes into mountains north of Barcelona, Spain killing 112 vacationing Britons
1971-03-06 - Test Cricket debut of Sunil Gavaskar, v West Indies at Port-of-Spain
1971-03-09 - J M Noreiga takes 9-95 WI v India at Port-of-Spain
1971-07-16 - Franco points prince Juan Carlos as deputy in Spain
1972-07-21 - 2 passenger trains collide head-on killing 76 (Seville, Spain)
1973-06-08 - Admiral Luis Carrero Blanco appointed premier of Spain
1974-01-03 - Arias Navarro succeeds Carrero Blanco as premier of Spain
1974-04-02 - Tony Greig takes 8-86 v WI Port-of-Spain (later 5-70 in 2nd inn)
1975-06-07 - Spain's Manuel Orantes wins US Open, beating Jimmy Connors in 3 sets
1975-09-27 - Government De Uyl recalls Dutch ambassador from Spain
1975-10-30 - Juan Carlos assumes power in Spain
1975-11-14 - Spain, Morocco & Mauretania sign accord about Spanish Sahara
1975-11-22 - Juan Carlos proclaimed king of Spain
1976-02-28 - Ceuta & Melilla (Spanish Morocco) are last European African possession
1976-02-28 - Spain withdraws from Western Sahara
1976-03-03 - 5 workers are killed by the police in a demonstration in Vitoria-Gasteiz, Spain.
1976-05-14 - Oil tanker Urqui Ola explodes off Spanish coast
1976-07-03 - Adolfo Suarez becomes premier of Spain
1976-11-18 - Spain's parliament establishes democracy after 37 yrs of dictatorship
1977-01-24 - Massacre of Atocha in Madrid, during the Spanish transition to democracy.
1977-03-04 - Colin Croft takes 8-29 against Pakistan at Port-of-Spain
1977-04-09 - Communist party in Spain allowed legally after 40 years
1977-06-15 - Spain's 1st free elections since 1936 (41 years)
1977-10-06 - In Alicante, Spain, fascists attack a group of MCPV militants and sympathizers, and one MCPV sympathizer is killed.
1978-07-11 - Auto with liquid gas crashes & explodes in Spain, 160 killed
1978-12-06 - Spain adopts constitution
1978-12-27 - King Juan Carlos ratifies Spain's 1st democratic constitution
1978-12-27 - Spain becomes a democracy after 40 years of dictatorship.
1978-12-29 - Spain constitution goes into effect
1980-01-31 - Police storm occupied Spanish embassy in Guatemala City, killing 41
1981-02-23 - Spanish coup under lt-col Antonio Tejero Molina fails
1981-02-25 - L Calvo Sotelo elected premier of Spain
1981-05-24 - Hostage situation ends at Central Bank in Barcelona Spain
1981-09-10 - "Guernica" of Pablo Picasso returns to Spain
1981-12-02 - Spanish government requests membership in NATO
1981-12-07 - Spain becomes a member of the NATO
1982-05-12 - In Fatima Portugal, a Spanish priest with a bayonet is stopped prior to his attempt to attack Pope John Paul II
1982-05-30 - Spain becomes 16th member of NATO
1982-09-13 - 50 die in Spantax Airlines DC-10 on takeoff from Malaga, Spain
1982-10-28 - Spain's socialists win/communists lose elections
1982-10-31 - Pope John Paul II becomes 1st pontiff to visit Spain
1982-12-15 - Spain reopens border with Gibraltar
1983-02-23 - The Spanish Socialist government of Felipe González and Miguel Boyer nationalizes Rumasa, a holding of José María Ruiz Mateos.
1983-08-26 - Flooding destroys most of the old town of Bilbao, Spain.
1985-01-13 - 99-yr-old Otto Bucher scores a hole-in-one at Spanish golf course
1985-02-19 - 150 killed when a Spanish jetliner crashed approaching Bilbao, Spain
1985-07-20 - Divers find wreck of Spanish galleon Atocha
1986-01-01 - Spain & Portugal are 11th & 12th to join European Economic Community
1986-01-19 - Spain recognizes Israel
1986-04-13 - Spanish Grand Prix decided by 0.014 of a second
1986-05-16 - The Seville Statement on Violence is adopted by an international meeting of scientists, convened by the Spanish National Commission for UNESCO, in Seville, Spain.
1986-06-22 - Spain's premier Gonzalez' Socialist Party wins elections
1988-10-23 - Boston Celtics play Spain in Madrid
1988-12-14 - Spanish General strike to protest austerity measures
1989-02-22 - 1st Spanish commercial on network TV (Pepsi-Cola-CBS Grammy Award)
1989-10-09 - 27th Tennis Fed Cup: USA beats Spain in Tokyo Japan (3-0)
1991-07-28 - 29th Tennis Fed Cup: Spain beats USA in Nottingham England (2-1)
1991-07-28 - Miguel Indurain of Spain wins Tour de France bicycle race
1991-10-30 - Mid East peace conference begins in Madrid Spain
1991-11-04 - Mid East peace conference ends in Madrid Spain
1991-12-21 - 95 share in Madrid Spain $1.3 billion lottery (#47996)
1992-04-20 - Expo '92 opens in Seville Spain
1992-07-19 - 30th Tennis Fed Cup: Germany beats Spain in Frankfurt Germany (2-1)
1992-07-25 - 25th Olympic Summer games opens in Barcelona, Spain
1992-08-09 - 25th Olympic Summer games closes in Barcelona, Spain
1992-10-12 - Expo '92 closes in Seville Spain
1992-12-03 - The Greek oil tanker Aegean Sea, carrying 80,000 tonnes of crude oil, runs aground in a storm while approaching La Coruña, Spain, and spills much of its cargo.
1993-07-25 - 31st Tennis Fed Cup: Spain beats Australia in Frankfurt Germany (3-0)
1993-08-02 - Train crash in tunnel at Vega de Anzo Spain, 12 killed
1994-01-18 - The Cando event, a possible bolide impact in Cando, Spain. Witnesses claim to have seen a fireball in the sky lasting for almost one minute.
1994-03-30 - England Cricket all out for 46 at Port-of-Spain
1994-06-12 - -17] Pope John Paul II visits Spain
1994-07-16 - Spanish fishing boats sink a French fishing boat over fishing rights
1994-07-24 - 32nd Tennis Fed Cup: Spain beats USA in Frankfurt Germany (3-0)
1994-08-20 - 109.8°F (43.2°C) in Cordoba Spain
1995-03-12 - Lara scores 139 in ODI v Australia at Port-of-Spain
1995-11-02 - Spanish Broadcasting System buys NY radio station WPAT-FM for $83.5M
1995-11-26 - 33rd Tennis Fed Cup: Spain beats USA in Valencia Spain (3-2)
1996-01-20 - WPAT FM NYC radio station switches to English-Spanish format
1996-03-30 - Lara hits 146 cricket not out in ODI vs NZ at Port-Of-Spain
1996-07-20 - In Spain, an ETA bomb at an airport kills 35
1996-09-29 - 34th Tennis Fed Cup: USA beats Spain in Atlantic City USA (5-0)
1996-09-29 - US wins Federation Cup over Spain
1997-01-18 - In north west Rwanda, Hutu militia members kill 3 Spanish aid workers, 3 soldiers and seriously wound one other.
1997-03-17 - CNN begins spanish broadcasts
1997-07-10 - Spain, Partido Popular member Miguel Ángel Blanco is kidnapped in the Basque city of Ermua by ETA members, sparking widespread protests.
1997-09-28 - 32nd Ryder Cup: Europe wins 14½-13½ to retain the Cup at Sotogrande Spain
1998-10-16 - Former Chilean dictator Gen. Augusto Pinochet is arrested in London on a warrant from Spain requesting his extradition on murder charges.
1999-12-21 - The Spanish Civil Guard intercepts a van loaded with 950 kg of explosives that ETA intended to use to blow up Torre Picasso in Madrid.
1999-12-22 - The Spanish Civil Guard finds near Calatayud (Zaragoza) another van loaded by ETA with 750 kg of explosives (see related event on December 21, 1999).
2001-01-16 - US President Bill Clinton awards former President Theodore Roosevelt a posthumous Medal of Honor for his service in the Spanish-American War.
2002-03-01 - The peseta is discontinued as official currency of Spain and is replaced with the euro (€).
2003-12-24 - The Spanish police thwart an attempt by ETA to detonate 50 kg of explosives at 3:55 p.m. inside Madrid's busy Chamartín Station.
2004-04-02 - Islamist terrorists involved in the 11 March 2004 Madrid attacks attempt to bomb the Spanish high-speed train AVE near Madrid. Their attack is thwarted.
2005-02-20 - Spain becomes the first country to vote in a referendum on ratification of the proposed Constitution of the European Union, passing it by a substantial margin, but on a low turnout.
2005-06-30 - Spain legalizes same-sex marriage.
2005-07-03 - The national law legalizing same-sex marriage takes effect in Spain.
2005-12-08 - Ante Gotovina, Croatian army general accused of war crimes, is captured in the Playa de las Américas, Tenerife by the Spanish police.
2006-07-31 - Fidel Castro hands over power temporarily to brother Raúl Castro. This leads to a celebration in Little Havana (La Pequeña Habana in Spanish), Miami, Florida, where many Cuban Americans participated.
2007-11-10 - ¿Por qué no te callas? incident between King Juan Carlos of Spain and Venezuela's president Hugo Chávez.
2007-12-20 - The painting Portrait of Suzanne Bloch (1904), by the Spanish artist Pablo Picasso, was stolen from the São Paulo Museum of Art, along with O Lavrador de Café, by the major Brazilian modernist painter Candido Portinari.
2012-03-30 - Spanish Government cuts 27 Billion Euros from its budget in one of its toughest austerity driver in history
2012-04-03 - Spanish unemployment reaches record high, youth unemployment stands at 50%
2012-04-30 - Spain's economy double dips after a 0.3% contraction and 25% unemployment rate
2012-06-07 - Credit rating agency Fitch downgrades Spain's credit rating to BBB in the wake of international bailout speculation
2012-06-09 - It is announced that up to $125 million dollars in loans will be given to aid Spain's struggling banks
2012-07-01 - Spain's football team crush Italy 4-0 to win the 2012 UEFA Euro Cup
2012-11-14 - A series of protests against austerity measures occur across Europe including Spain, Portugal, and Greece